中国自然湿地底栖动物生态学研究进展

底栖动物是湿地生态系统中的一个重要组成部分,在能量流动和物质循环中起着承上启下的作用。其群落结构能反映出底质条件、水质状况、水温等非生物因子以及植被、物种间的影响、捕食压力等生物因子的情况。本文概括了底栖动物的概念、生活型和功能群的划分,探讨了底栖动物群落生态学研究的特点及目前中国底栖动物的研究重点和主要研究成果,重点讨论了底栖动物群落分布的时空差异、底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系以及底栖动物的生物指示作用,并展望了底栖动物研究的未来发展趋势。     

江西省三清山长柄双花木优势群落研究

对世界自然遗产地三清山长柄双花木（D isanthus cercidifolius subsp. longipes）优势群落进行了野外调查和分析,结果表明：三清山长柄双花木优势群落为多优势种并存的中亚热带中山常绿阔叶林群落,乔木层的次优势种不明显。长柄双花木是该群落的关键种之一。在植物区系特征上,该群落优势种既具有温带性质又具中亚热带性质,在整体上表现出温带性质和亚热带性质交汇的特点。群落的物种多样性指数和频度指数为：SP=0.92、SW=4.20、E=0.94、E′=0.79。三清山长柄双花木优势群落与江西官山和湖南千家洞长柄双花木群落相比,三地群落存在一定差异,但三清山长柄双花木群落多样性指数和均匀度均高于另两地。三清山和千家洞的长柄双花木群落结构更相似;官山的长柄双花木群落为山地灌丛,群落结构单一,样地中长柄双花木占绝对优势。通过分析三地气象资料和群落特点,表明不同地区长柄双花木群落的差异与年降水量和年平均日照时数相关,而与年平均气温无直接相关关系。     

Land use improves spatial predictions of mountain plant abundance but not presence‐absence

Question: Does a land‐use variable improve spatial predictions of plant species presence‐absence and abundance models at the regional scale in a mountain landscape? Location: Western Swiss Alps. Methods: Presence‐absence generalized linear models (GLM) and abundance ordinal logistic regression models (LRM) were fitted to data on 78 mountain plant species, with topo‐climatic and/or land‐use variables available at a 25‐m resolution. The additional contribution of land use when added to topo‐climatic models was evaluated by: (1) assessing the changes in model fit and (2) predictive power, (3) partitioning the deviance respectively explained by the topo‐climatic variables and the land‐use variable through variation partitioning, and (5) comparing spatial projections. Results: Land use significantly improved the fit of presence‐absence models but not their predictive power. In contrast, land use significantly improved both the fit and predictive power of abundance models. Variation partitioning also showed that the individual contribution of land use to the deviance explained by presence‐absence models was, on average, weak for both GLM and LRM (3.7% and 4.5%, respectively), but changes in spatial projections could nevertheless be important for some species. Conclusions: In this mountain area and at our regional scale, land use is important for predicting abundance, but not presence‐absence. The importance of adding land‐use information depends on the species considered. Even without a marked effect on model fit and predictive performance, adding land use can affect spatial projections of both presence‐absence and abundance models.     

Incubation behaviour of the Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) in an alpine ecosystem of Central Europe

Incubation behaviour of the Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) was investigated in mountainous conditions in Central Europe (the Krkonoše Mountains of the Czech Republic), in relation to the time of day and weather. Twenty-four-hour recordings of incubation behaviour were made with a time-lapse video recorder and mini-camera. The influences of year, nest, time of day, temperature, precipitation and previous bouts on session and recess duration were then analysed. The incubation behaviour of Meadow Pipits in general did not differ from the behaviour of other small female-only incubating passerines. Despite relatively cold climatic conditions in the study area, the mean length of sessions and recesses (19.69 and 5.53 min), as well as nest-attentiveness (77.19%), agreed with values which are most often found in other species. However, the Meadow Pipit incubation in the study area was, in terms of nest-attentiveness, more intensive than in other surveyed populations of this species. Incubation behaviour was strongly influenced by the time of day—incubating females increased nest-attentiveness during the morning and evening hours. After the time of day was filtered out, the influence of temperature was found only on sessions (not recesses). Sessions were the longest when the air temperature was approximately 12–16°C and shortened when the temperature was lower or higher. Precipitation forced female Meadow Pipits to take longer sessions and shorter recesses, which corresponds to their general tendency to give priority to the needs of the clutch ahead of their own temporary feeding needs.     

云南新平哀牢山秋季夜间网捕鸟类的影响因素

2007-09-05—2007-11-05和2008-09-03—2008-11-07期间,在云南省新平县哀牢山金山丫口（23º57’ N, 101º30’E）对影响秋季夜间网捕鸟类组成因素进行了调查。主要利用温湿度表和定性观察对各因素进行判断。其研究结果表明, 地理特点是影响夜间网捕鸟类种类的主要因素;气象条件是影响夜间网捕鸟类种类和数量的重要因素。气象条件中的风向、风力、雾以及月相周期对夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类的影响极其显著（P<0.01）。风向的影响比风力大,其中,在西南风大雾新月或者在西南风大雾残月期间,夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类最多;光也是夜间网捕鸟类的必要条件。然而,温湿度对夜间网捕鸟类数量和种类影响不显著。     

滇东南老君山自然保护区的蕨类植物资源

在野外实地调查、标本采集、标本鉴定和文献资料整理的基础上,对滇东南老君山自然保护区的蕨类植物资源进行研究。目前共知有蕨类植物44科,115属,259种(包括变种和变型),其中有国家珍稀濒危保护蕨类植物7种。按照其用途将这些植物划分为药用、观赏、食用、指示、化工原料、编织、饲料和绿肥等7种类型。最后,讨论了其开发利用现状及前景。     

基于RS、GIS的天目山自然保护区植被空间分布规律研究

以RS、GIS技术为工具。将天目山自然保护区的TM遥感影像进行处理与分类得到该区的植被分布图。利用GIS空间分析功能。研究了天目山自然保护区内各植被类型空间分布规律。重点研究了其中的一种植被类型。研究结果定量描述了自然保护区内各植被类型的高程、坡向、坡度分布,给出科学的统计结果。总结了研究区内植被类型的空间分布规律,把对植被类型的空间分布规律的定性理解转为定量描述,结合实际给出了理论解释。为自然保护区的规划、管理和保护提供了科学依据。     

武夷山九曲溪水体营养水平与原生动物群落变化相互关系研究

2000年研究了武夷山九曲溪水体的营养状态与原生动物群落结构关系。发现并非水越清洁PFU原生动物种类就越多,这要决定于水体的营养状况。当水体是贫营养时,水越清洁,PFU原生动物种类反而会越少。研究结果表明,即使在低营养水平的水体中,PFU法一样能准确反映人类活动对当地水环境的影响。     

中越边境西隆山自然保护区的植物调查

西隆山是滇南最高峰 ,最高海拔 3 0 74.3m ,跨越中越两国边境线。其北坡在中国境内 ,南坡在越南境内。西隆山 2 0 0 0年被列入国家级自然保护区。西隆山已经查明的高等植物 1 79个科 ,469个属 ,781种。其中 ,国家级保护植物和珍稀濒危植物有 2 3种。在西隆山分布的植被类型有 5种 :山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地苔藓常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林和次生植被。人为活动对植物多样性的影响很大 ,该文据此对保护措施提出了建议。